VEOS User Guide
VEOS is a Linux-based operating system designed for managing telecom equipment and services.
This guide contains basic instructions for working with the system, information about common commands, and usage techniques.
Key user features:
- Multi-user operation with permission separation
- Execution of standard Linux commands and utilities
- Access to the built-in help system (
man,info) - File and process management from the command line
- Installation of additional software using the package manager (
dnf)
1. System boot and login
1.1. Booting VEOS
VEOS starts automatically after the computer is powered on. The GRUB bootloader menu appears on the screen, listing the available boot options.
| Action | Key |
|---|---|
| Select a boot option | Up / Down arrow keys |
| Immediately boot the selected option | Enter |
| Edit boot parameters | E |
| Switch to graphical boot display mode | Esc |
During the boot process, messages about starting various services are displayed on the screen. Each line begins with the status [Message] and either OK or FAILED.
FAILED status, administrator intervention may be required.
Main boot stages:
- Kernel loading
- Mounting file systems
- Starting system services
- (If required) checking file systems for errors
1.2. Logging into the system
After boot is completed, the system switches to console mode and displays a login and password prompt.
Login: _ Password: _
Credentials are provided by the system administrator. After successful authentication, a command shell (usually bash) is opened.
Ctrl+Alt+F1 … Ctrl+Alt+F6 key combinations to switch between virtual consoles.
2. Built-in documentation
VEOS includes an extensive built-in help system.
2.1. The ''man'' utility
The man command (short for manual) is used to view manual pages for commands, configuration files, and other system objects.
| Action | Command |
|---|---|
View help for the ls command | man ls |
| Search for a command by keyword | apropos <keyword> |
| Search for a command by keyword (short form) | man -k <keyword> |
Help for the man utility itself | man man |
Navigation inside a manual page:
| Key | Action |
|---|---|
Space | Go to the next page |
q | Exit viewing mode |
2.2. The ''info'' utility
Unlike linear man pages, the info system provides hypertext-style documentation.
| Command | Action |
|---|---|
info | Display the list of all info documents in the system |
info info | Open the navigation guide for info |
h | Show navigation help (inside info) |
3. Software installation and updates
The dnf (or yum) package managers are used to manage software. Installation and updates require superuser privileges.
3.1. Basic package operations
| Operation | Command (as root) |
|---|---|
| Install a package from a repository | dnf install <package_name> |
| Remove a package | dnf remove <package_name> |
| Update all system packages | dnf update |
Install a local rpm package | rpm -ih <path_to_file.rpm> |
Update a local rpm package | rpm -Uh <path_to_file.rpm> |
Example of installing the fastdpi (DPI) package:
dnf install fastdpi
4. Basic commands for working with the system
All commands listed in this section are standard Linux commands and can be executed from the command line.
-l), after which multiple letters can be specified consecutively (for example: ls -lF instead of ls -l -F).
4.1. User management
| Command | Action | Note |
|---|---|---|
su - | Obtain superuser (root) privileges | The root password will be requested |
exit | Exit the superuser session | Returns to the regular user |
id | Display information about the current user | Shows UID, GID, and group list |
id <login> | Display information about another user | |
passwd | Change the current user's password | The old password must be entered |
passwd <login> | Change another user's password | Only root can execute this |
4.2. Navigation and file operations
| Command | Description | Examples / Notes |
|---|---|---|
ls | View directory contents | ls -la — show all files with detailed information |
cd | Change the current directory | cd /usr/bin — switch to an absolute path, cd .. — move one level up, cd - — return to the previous directory |
pwd | Show the absolute path to the current directory | |
mkdir <directory> | Create a new directory | mkdir -p path/to/dir — create a directory with parent directories |
rmdir <directory> | Remove an empty directory | rm -rf is often used for non-empty directories |
rm <file> | Remove a file | rm -i — request confirmation, rm -rf — recursive deletion use with caution! |
cp <source> <target> | Copy a file or directory | cp -rp dir1 dir2 — recursive copy preserving permissions |
mv <source> <target> | Move or rename | mv file.txt dir/ — move a file into a directory |
cat <file> | Display file contents in the console | cat -n file.txt — with line numbering |
head <file> | Display the first lines of a file | head -n 20 file.txt — show the first 20 lines |
less <file> | View a file page by page | q — exit |
rm and rmdir commands permanently delete files during normal operation, bypassing the Trash. Be especially careful with recursive deletion (-r).
4.3. Searching for files and commands
| Command | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
grep <pattern> <file> | Search for a string in a file | grep error /var/log/messages |
find [path] [expression] | Search for files by condition | find . -name "*.conf" — find all .conf files in the current directory |
whereis <command> | Show the location of a program, source files, and documentation | whereis bash |
which <command> | Show the full path to a command executable | which ls |
4.4. Access permissions
| Command | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
chmod <mode> <file> | Change file permissions | chmod +x script.sh — make the file executable for everyone |
chown <owner>:<group> <file> | Change the owner and group of a file | chown test:users file.txt |
4.5. System and process monitoring
| Command | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
ps | Display the list of the current user's processes | ps aux — detailed list of all processes |
kill <PID> | Stop a process by its identifier | kill -9 <PID> — force termination |
df | Show disk space usage | df -h — human-readable format |
du | Estimate disk space used by files and directories | du -sh ~/ — total size of the home directory |
& | Run a program in the background | ./long_task.sh & |
bg | Resume a stopped job in the background | |
fg | Bring a background job to the foreground |
5. File archiving and compression
The tar command is used to create archives (without compression). Additional programs (gzip, bzip2, xz) are used for archive compression.
| Operation | Command |
|---|---|
| Archive a directory | tar -cf <archive.tar> <directory> |
| Extract an archive | tar -xf <archive.tar> |
Extract a compressed archive (.tar.gz or .tgz) | tar -xzf <archive.tar.gz> |
Create a compressed .tar.gz archive | tar -czf <archive.tar.gz> <directory> |
Example:
# Archive the Documents directory into my_docs.tar tar -cf my_docs.tar Documents/ # Extract a gzip-compressed archive into the current directory tar -xzf archive.tar.gz
6. Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
Question: How do I obtain superuser (root) privileges?
Answer: Run the su - command. You will be prompted for the root user password. Use the exit command to return to the regular user.
Question: How do I officially install a VAS Experts package?
Answer: dnf install <package_name>. Search for packages using: dnf search <keyword>.
Question: Where can I find help for the ls command?
Answer: Use the built-in documentation: man ls or info ls.
Question: How do I run a program in the background?
Answer: Add the & symbol at the end of the command, for example: ./backup_script.sh &.
Question: Can I search within file contents?
Answer: Yes, use the grep command. Example: grep -r "error" /var/log/.
📌 Technical document information
Document last reviewed: 2026-05-12
Applicable VEOS version: 8.6 and later
Author: VAS Experts
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